a predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI).a predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-I).and not be better explained by another mental disorder.īased on the above symptoms, three types of ADHD are defined:.clearly interfere with social, school, or work functioning,.occur often and be present in at least two settings,.avoids tasks requiring long mental effort.appears to not listen when spoken to directly.It includes demonstrating six or more of the following symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity (or both). Formal diagnosis is made by a qualified professional. Signs and symptoms ĪDHD is the only disorder of attention currently defined by the DSM-5 or ICD-10. The terms concentration deficit disorder ( CDD) or cognitive disengagement syndrome ( CDS) have recently been preferred to SCT because they may be more appropriate and less derogatory. The condition was previously called Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT). CDS alone is also present in the population and can be quite impairing in educational and occupational settings, even if it is not as pervasively impairing as ADHD. If CDS and ADHD occur together, the problems add up: Those with both (ADHD + CDS) had higher levels of impairment and inattention than adults with ADHD only, and were more likely to be unmarried, out of work or on disability. It even may be useful as an overarching concept that cuts across different psychiatric disorders (much like emotional dysregulation, for example). Others dismiss it altogether or believe it is a distinct symptom group within ADHD (like Hyperactivity, Impulsivity or Inattention). Therefore, some psychologists and psychiatrists view it as a separate mental disorder. New studies found that it can be comorbid with ADHD – and present in individuals without ADHD as well. Originally, CDS was thought to represent about one in three persons with the inattentive presentation of ADHD, as a psychiatric misdiagnosis, and to be incompatible with hyperactivity. The CDS symptoms are clinically relevant as they seem linked to poor treatment response to methylphenidate. CDS independently has a negative impact on functioning (such as a diminished quality of life, increased stress and suicidal behavior, as well as lower educational attainment and socioeconomic status ). In contemporary science today, it is clear that this set of symptoms is important because it is associated with unique impairments, above and beyond ADHD. CDS can occur as a comorbidity with ADHD in some people, leading to substantially higher impairment than when either condition occurs alone. Unlike ADHD, which is a result of executive functioning retardation, CDS presents with problems in arousal, accuracy and alertness rather than problems with persistence, inhibition and self-regulation.
Genetics and to a lesser extent, environmental factorsĬognitive disengagement syndrome ( CDS) is an attention syndrome characterized by prominent dreaminess, mental fogginess, hypoactivity, sluggishness, slow reaction time, staring frequently, inconsistent alertness, and a slow working speed.Īlthough it is an attention syndrome, CDS is distinct from ADHD.
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